Chapter 12
Prior to the seven angels with seven plagues that will be made known in chapter fifteen, we enter another parenthetical section that introduces us to the seven major players of the Tribulation. For some we will be given a brief history (their past) and for others we will be given very little information. This chapter is viewed by many to be the most difficult chapter in Revelation to understand, and as such has become the source of many interpretations.
A Woman and a Red Dragon
1 And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars.
This verse is critical to understand, if misinterpreted it could lead not only to a misunderstanding of this book, but perhaps also the entire Bible. John notes that He sees a great sign in heaven, described as a woman clothed with the sun, the moon under her feet, and a crown of twelve stars on her head. Many commentators try to insert the church or even Christ as being the woman. So who is the woman? Those that remember the story of Joseph, the son of Jacob that his brothers hated, may recall why he was hated. He had two dreams that portrayed him as being their leader. When he told his parents and brothers about his second dream, that “the sun, the moon, and eleven stars were bowing down to me” (Genesis 37:9b), His father Jacob recognized what the symbols meant. That the sun represented him, the moon as Joseph’s mother, and the stars represented his brothers (see Genesis 37:10-11). The same interpretation of the symbols apply here, the woman being described appears to be the nation of Israel (see also Micah 4:9), which will be further supported later in this chapter.
2 She was pregnant and was crying out in birth pains and the agony of giving birth.
The woman is in her final stages of her pregnancy and is suffering from birth pains, she is about to give birth. The distress of the woman seems to correspond with the nation of Israel facing persecution throughout its existence.
This is another clue that the woman is not the church as she is pregnant. The church being the future bride of Christ, and being pregnant, would be a theological problem since the church is to be a pure virgin (see 2 Corinthians 11:2; Ephesians 5:27).
3 And another sign appeared in heaven: behold, a great red dragon, with seven heads and ten horns, and on his heads seven diadems. 4a His tail swept down a third of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth.
John next sees a red dragon with seven heads and ten horns. On each of his heads were royal crowns. This is similar to the description of the fourth beast that Daniel saw in his vision of four beasts (see Daniel 7:1-8) that is later interpreted in Daniel 7:23-27, which matches the time of the Tribulation and the appearance of the beast that rises out of the sea in the next chapter (see Revelation 13:1). However, we are told in verse nine that the dragon is Satan, the power behind the beasts that will be introduced in the next chapter.
His tail thrusts a third of the stars of heaven which are thrown down to earth. As discussed in chapter eight, the use of stars to describe angels can be found throughout Scripture (see Isaiah 14:12-17; Revelation 1:20; 9:1; 12:4). It is believed that the reference to a third of the stars relates to the third of the angels that chose to follow Satan and rebel against God (see also Hebrews 12:22). They have been swept out of heaven.
4b And the dragon stood before the woman who was about to give birth, so that when she bore her child he might devour it.
The dragon is waiting for the woman to give birth so that he can kill the child. This brings us to the third person person introduced in this chapter, the child. What child born in the line of Israel would Satan want to devour? The promised Messiah. Satan is depraved in thinking that he can interfere with God’s plan for salvation and stop the end times from occurring. Ever since the promise of the Messiah in Genesis 3:15 when God told Satan, “I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel.” Satan has attempted several times to eliminate Israel to prevent the birth of the Messiah (see below).
5 She gave birth to a male child, one who is to rule all the nations with a rod of iron, but her child was caught up to God and to his throne, 6 and the woman fled into the wilderness, where she has a place prepared by God, in which she is to be nourished for 1,260 days.
The woman gives birth to the one who will rule all the nations on earth with a rod of iron, a reference to Jesus who will rule in His future millennial kingdom (see Psalm 2:9; Revelation 2:27; 19:15). But before Satan could intervene and take the child, God takes Him and brings Him to His throne where Satan has no access. The woman then fled into the wilderness to a place prepared for he and is sustained for 1,260 days.
Considerations
Earlier in this book we discussed how God utilizes several literary devices in Scripture and that Revelation is no exception. As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, we are being introduced to seven people (or people groups) that will play a role in the Tribulation and other parts of the end times. Several of which we already know about including the first three we have read about here. But when we try to apply a logical literal interpretation or timeline, we can easily get confused. In this chapter we see the literary device known as an analepsis employed. This device is often referred to as a flashback, used to connect a past event or situation to a present or future event. We can apply the nation of Israel to Jesus being born in the lineage of Jacob (Israel) in the past nearly two thousand years ago. The child being caught up (Greek ‘hērpasthē’)[1] to God pointing to Jesus after being victorious on the cross conquering sin and death for us, ascended into heaven and is sitting on the throne next to His Father (see Matthew 22:44; Acts 2:33; 7:55-56; Romans 8:34; Ephesians 1:20; Colossians 3:1; Hebrews 1:3; 8:1; 10:12; 12:2; 1 Peter 3:22; Revelation 3:21; 7:9-10; 22:1, 3). The third of the stars referenced in verse four are understood to represent a third of the angels that were persuaded to follow Satan shortly after they were created. Regarding the woman being the nation of Israel we see that the people flee to a place in the wilderness that has been prepared to shelter and provide for them 1,260 days, a reference that brings us to the future time of the Tribulation, in particular, the second half.
The second half of the Tribulation will begin immediately after the abomination of desolation occurs (see Matthew 24:15). The abomination will begin when the ‘Antichrist’ commandeers the Temple and declares himself as a god (see 2 Thessalonians 2:3-10) followed by the ‘False Prophet’ setting up an image of the Antichrist in the Temple (see Daniel 12:11; Revelation 13:11-15). This would be a signal to the Jews to leave Israel quickly (see Matthew 24:16-20). Jesus notes in His Olivet Discourse that this trek out of town will not be easy, one is to pray that the event will not take place during the winter or on a Sabbath. Matthew 24:21 is interpreted as to refer to a worldwide outbreak of anti-Semitism as Satan attempts to annihilate all Jews. An effort thwarted by God which will allow a remnant of the Jews to survive (see Matthew 24:22). A false messiah and a counterfeit ‘son’ (namely the Antichrist) will rise up in power (see Matthew 24:23). Many false signs and wonders will lead to a worldwide deception (see 2 Thessalonians 2:8-10; Revelation 13:11-15) and many will believe that the Messiah had secretly returned (see Matthew 24:25-27).
The ‘corpse’ (dead body) in Matthew 24:28 is interpreted as being the nation of Israel and the ‘vultures’ as being the Gentile nations gathering together to go after Israel. Using the prophecy found in Micah 2:12 “I will surely assemble all of you, O Jacob; I will gather the remnant of Israel; I will set them together like sheep in a fold, like a flock in its pasture, a noisy multitude of men.” The place where the Jews flee to and experience the return of Jesus is believed to be Petra. The Hebrew word ‘bǒṣ·rā(h)’[2] is only this one time in the Old Testament that the word is translated as ‘fold’ (a sheepfold or sheep pen), all other eight appearances the word is translated as ‘Bozrah’, a mountainous city in Edom believed by some to be Petra (possibly due to a reference in the Latin Vulgate). Bozrah is mentioned several times as a location of several judgments (see Isaiah 34:6; 63:1; Jeremiah 49:13, 22; Amos 1:12).
Satan’s Attempts to Stop God’s Plan
The Bible records a number of attempts orchestrated by Satan to thwart God’s plan for our salvation and Satan’s demise. Here are a few examples from the Bible: The Egyptian Pharaoh not letting the Israelites leave (see Exodus 7:1-11:7; 12:29-32; 14:1-31); The populating of pagan people in Canaan to make the land unacceptable to God (see Genesis 12:6-7); Saul tried to kill David (see 1 Samuel 19:1-24:22; 26:1-29:11; 31:1-13); Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat upon being made king killed most of his family to prevent anyone from prematurely succeeding him (see 2 Chronicles 21:1-20); Athaliah, the mother of Ahaziah, after her son died killed most of the royal family in order to be queen (see 2 Kings 11:1-3); Haman being upset with Mordecai, plotted to kill all Jews (see Esther 3:1-9:19); the blood curse as a result of Jehoiachin’s disobedience (also known as Jeconiah or Coniah, see the commentary in Royal Bloodline in section about “A People Group Known as the Hebrews” above), Herod has babies in Bethlehem two years old or younger killed (see Matthew 2:16-18); and Jesus tempted by Satan (see Matthew 4:1-11; Luke 4:1-13). Various conflicts regarding Jerusalem and the land of Israel commenced throughout the years (Roman hostility, several ‘Crusades’, etc.) We also know of the relatively recent events including the Holocaust (1941-1945 A.D.) where approximately six million Jews died, and then after the nation of Israel was officially reborn in 1948, there have been several wars and aggression against the Jews (including the War of Independence, Yom Kippur War, War of Attrition, October 7th 2023 War, not to mention ongoing various raids and attacks from neighboring nations, etc.)
Satan Thrown Out of Heaven
7 Now war arose in heaven, Michael and his angels fighting against the dragon. And the dragon and his angels fought back, 8 but he was defeated, and there was no longer any place for them in heaven. 9 And the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world—he was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him.
John records that a war broke out in heaven between God’s angels and Satan’s angels. The archangel Michael, one of God’s chief princes (see Daniel 10:13, 21), led the charge against the fallen angels and was victorious (see Daniel 12:1). The text reads that there was no longer any place for the fallen angels in heaven. We know from Scripture that Satan had access to heaven (for example see Job 1:6-12; 2:1-6) after he and his angels fell away from God several years ago (shortly after being created). What changed? We know that Satan fell from heaven to open the bottomless pit in chapter nine after the fifth trumpet was sounded. It is possible that due to his many roles in the end times, he was ‘removed’ from heaven at the start of the Tribulation period and not allowed back, as his destiny is the lake of fire (see Revelation 20:10). John reports that the dragon (Satan) was thrown out of heaven (see Luke 10:18; John 12:31; Revelation 9:1) along with his angels down to earth (see verse four). John then clarifies the identification of the dragon, he is Satan, who is also known as the ancient serpent that was in the Garden of Eden who lied to and tempted Eve (see Genesis 3:1-7, 13; 2 Corinthians 11:13), the one called the devil, and the deceiver of the whole world (see also John 8:44).
10 And I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying, “Now the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of his Christ have come, for the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down, who accuses them day and night before our God. 11 And they have conquered him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, for they loved not their lives even unto death. 12 Therefore, rejoice, O heavens and you who dwell in them! But woe to you, O earth and sea, for the devil has come down to you in great wrath, because he knows that his time is short!”
John hears another proclamation from a loud voice in heaven, this time announcing that the salvation and the power of the kingdom of God, and the authority of His Christ have come. Earlier in Revelation 7:10 John heard an immeasurable number of believers state that “Salvation belongs to our God who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb!” Here he hears that salvation, along with the power and kingdom of God as well as the authority given to Jesus is now complete, as the previous ‘ruler’ of the world has been thrown down. The one that had been accusing them day and night before God, no longer has access to God. Note that the loud voice identified itself as being a brother of those being accused by Satan, making the speaker a human believer (not God or an angel).
The voice continues to say that they (believers in heaven) have conquered (Greek ’enikēsan’,[3] overcome, to be victorious) Satan by the blood of Jesus (see Hebrews 9:12) and by the word of their testimony (that they believe and have faith in Jesus for their salvation), as they did not regard their own lives as being more important than serving Jesus (see Matthew 16:25; John 10:11, 15; Acts 20:24; 2 Timothy 1:12). The voice concludes by calling all those listening in heaven to rejoice, but denounces those dwelling on the earth and sea with a stern warning that now that the devil has been thrown down to earth, great wrath will begin as Satan knows his time is short.
13 And when the dragon saw that he had been thrown down to the earth, he pursued the woman who had given birth to the male child. 14 But the woman was given the two wings of the great eagle so that she might fly from the serpent into the wilderness, to the place where she is to be nourished for a time, and times, and half a time. 15 The serpent poured water like a river out of his mouth after the woman, to sweep her away with a flood. 16 But the earth came to the help of the woman, and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon had poured from his mouth.
John notes that when Satan saw that he had been thrown out of heaven, he went after the woman who had given birth (the Jews). But God had given them supernatural help to get them out of harm’s way. John describes that help as being two wings of a great eagle that flies them to their destination in the wilderness, where they are to stay for three and a half years (see verse six). The image of the eagle is reminiscent of Exodus 19:4, “You yourselves have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself” (see also Deuteronomy 32:11-12).
Satan tried to flood them out but was unable, as God intervened by opening up the earth. It is believed that Satan will be able to kill a large number of Jews during the Tribulation in fulfillment of as Zechariah 13:8, where “two thirds shall be cut off and perish, and one third shall be left alive.” As discussed in the overview of the book of Zechariah above, this verse is often debated as to when it will occur. Most theologians believe that since there has not been any event or sequence of events that resulted in killing two-thirds of all Jews in history, that it is still yet future, such as this time in the Tribulation. In any case a remnant always survives.
While some allegory may be necessary to interpret a large eagle to transport and flood waters coming out of the serpents mouth, some believe that John saw a large winged transport such as a modern-day aircraft and Satan appeared to cause a literal flood. A massive flood would be a very effective weapon in this region of the world.
17 Then the dragon became furious with the woman and went off to make war on the rest of her offspring, on those who keep the commandments of God and hold to the testimony of Jesus. And he stood on the sand of the sea.
When Satan could not destroy the fleeing Jews, he decided to go after their offspring (fellow Jews) that kept the commandments of God and believe in Jesus for their salvation, who apparently did not flee into the wilderness (see verse six). Although we know from Revelation 7:1-8 that 144,000 Jewish believers had been sealed and protected from death, there is likely many others that will die a martyr’s death.
We come to a textual difficulty where some manuscripts state that ‘he stood’, while others state ‘I stood’, on the sand of the sea. To prevent confusion, many versions insert ‘the dragon stood’. Either John is standing on the sand of the sea, or Satan is. While it may not make a lot of difference, it does seem to make a good transition to chapter thirteen if the first beast (Satan, also known as the dragon, the devil and the serpent) is present when the other two beasts are introduced. Which is why this observation is often placed in the beginning of the first verse in chapter thirteen.
Considerations
Replacement Theology Revisited
Also known as “Fulfillment Theology” or “Supersessionism,” it is the belief that the New Testament church is the new and true ‘Israel’ and that it has ’superseded’ the nation of Israel as being the people of God. It is often viewed as a punitive action taken due to the people of Israel rejecting Jesus as their Messiah. That now, apart from repentance and accepting Jesus and thus joining the church as individuals, there is no further connection between the nation of Israel, or the Jews, to God. But that is not what the Bible teaches. First, when we go back to the promises given to Abraham we read that the covenant between God and Abraham was unconditional and eternal.[4] This covenant was reiterated to Isaac and Jacob (also known as Israel). If this ‘Abrahamic Covenant’ was unconditional and God later revoked His covenant due to a ‘condition’ (the rejection of Jesus), then He broke the covenant. The good news is that He didn’t break that covenant and He won’t break any of His promises (see Numbers 23:19; 1 Samuel 15:29; Psalm 89:34; Ezekiel 24:14). Secondly, the Bible teaches that God is not finished with Israel. Perhaps best stated by Paul in his epistle to the church in Rome. He begins with the question, “I ask, then, has God rejected his people? By no means! For I myself am an Israelite, a descendant of Abraham, a member of the tribe of Benjamin. God has not rejected his people whom he foreknew.” (Romans 11:1-2a) He later explains, “So I ask, did they stumble in order that they might fall? By no means! Rather, through their trespass salvation has come to the Gentiles, so as to make Israel jealous. Now if their trespass means riches for the world, and if their failure means riches for the Gentiles, how much more will their full inclusion mean!” (Romans 11:11-12) And further notes that, "a partial hardening has come upon Israel, until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. And in this way all Israel will be saved” (Romans 11:25b-26b). Note that a partial hardening, the inability to see Jesus as their Messiah, came from God, also note that this ‘blindness’ is only temporary.
So why is this concept embraced by so many Christians and Christian denominations? Proponents use verses like Jeremiah 3:6-8 and Matthew 21:43 that seemingly proclaim that the Jews will lose their position before God. While these verses do indeed point to God’s chastisement and potential judgment, they are not referring to a permanent rejection. We should also understand that this idea of the church replacing Israel is not a recent development as several early church leaders and theologians had developed and embraced the concept and promoted the idea through their writings.
Here is an abbreviated list of those that have contributed: Ignatius of Antioch (late first century), wrote "If any one celebrates the passover along with the Jews, or receives the emblems of their feast, he is a partaker with those that killed the Lord and His apostles";[5] Justin Martyr (early second century), stated that the church was the true spiritual Israel and that the Gentiles have replaced the Jews;[6] Irenaeus (middle second century) wrote "the Jews...would themselves never have hesitated to burn their own Scriptures, which do declare that all other nations partake of [eternal] life, and show that they who boast themselves as being the house of Jacob and the people of Israel, are disinherited from the grace of God";[7] Tertullian (160 A.D. - 240 A.D.) wrote how he believes that the Jews have been rejected by God;[8] Origen (circa 185 A.D. - circa 253 A.D.), often called the father of anti-Semitism, also popularized allegorical Scriptural interpretation; Eusebius (circa 260 A.D. - 339 A.D.), wrote that the promises of Scripture were meant for the Gentiles and the curses were meant for the Jews. He also asserted that the Church was the “true Israel”;[9] Saint Hilary of Poitiers (291 A.D. - 371 A.D.), wrote: “Jews are a perverse people accursed by God forever”; John Chrysostom (349 A.D. - 407 A.D.) stated that the Jews could never receive forgiveness and claimed it was a Christian's duty to hate Jews; Augustine of Hippo (354 A.D - 407 A.D.), claimed that the Jews deserved death but were destined to wander the earth to witness the victory of the Church over the synagogue. In addition to the writings of individuals, several Christian councils have convened through the years that have denounced the Jews including: The Council of Elvira in Spain (also known as the Synod of Elvira, circa 300 A.D.), it was a group of bishops, presbyters, deacons, and laymen that developed 81 'canons' regarding procedures and 'proper Christian' behavior, where they prohibited Christians from associating with a Jew; Council of Nicea (325 A.D.), They are largely responsible for changing the celebration of Jesus’ resurrection from the Jewish Feast of First Fruits to Easter in an attempt to disassociate it from Jewish feasts. They stated: “For it is unbecoming beyond measure that on this holiest of festivals we should follow the customs of the Jews. Henceforth let us have nothing in common with this odious people...” They also decided that “the Sunday a week after the Sunday after Passover would be the official date, and that all celebrating on Passover would be considered anathema.” These are only a few examples that resulted from that council that was convened by the Roman Emperor Constantine.
Many of these writings and ideas became mainstream forming the theologies of several denominations. To them the nation of Israel is just another nation and the Jews are people representing another false religion. With the presupposition that Israel is no longer relevant, their eschatology is missing the most important component and as a result have developed an inaccurate view of the end times. In order to ‘compensate’ for taking Israel out of the end-time scenario, a significant amount of Scripture would need to be either ignored or modified (such as using unfounded allegorization). Earlier we reviewed the Old Testament prophets and prophecies, besides the often-prophesied return of Jesus, the next most-often subject of prophecy would be the restoration of Israel. A rather peculiar inclusion if they are no longer relevant. The truth is that they are relevant and those presuppositions are wrong. To properly understand the end as God has designed, the nation of Israel needs to be not only included, but they need to be considered ‘center stage’. Why? Because they are the ones who will call Jesus to return. Matthew records Jesus lamenting over Jerusalem, we read, “O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the city that kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to it! How often would I have gathered your children together as a hen gathers her brood under her wings, and you were not willing! See, your house is left to you desolate. For I tell you, you will not see me again, until you say, ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.’” (Matthew 23:37-39) Note that the house of Israel (a familiar phrase from the Old Testament for the nation of Israel) will be left desolate (lonely, in context without Him, their Messiah) until they realize their error in not recognizing who He was and call for Him to return. Saying, “Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.” Why would Jesus say that if the nation of Israel is insignificant?
Taking Israel out of one’s view of eschatology can certainly lead to a distain for Judaism, the Jews, and the nation of Israel, but the writings of dead theologians are not the only source of antisemitism. The source of the idea of discounting Israel that has manifested into hatred for the Jews, is none other than Satan himself. He understands the role Israel plays in the end times and is doing everything he can to prevent their involvement (especially stop them from seeking repentance for not recognizing who Jesus was). He has influenced the world to believe that the Jews are a contemptuous people and that humanity will be better off without them. Prophecy alerts us that antisemitism will increase as we approach the end times, and sadly that will include many ‘Christians’.
Our role as Christians, now before the rapture, is to help point the Jews to their Messiah, not chastise them or protest against them. Does that mean that the writings of those theologians were influenced by Satan? To some degree, yes, but we need to understand that these men were only human and like all humans they were vulnerable to the influence of worldly (faulty) thinking. There is only one source of the truth and that is the Bible, as Christians we need to know it throughly (remember Acts 17:11). The Bible clearly teaches that God is not finished with the Jews. It also teaches us to love our neighbors, and that includes the Jews and all people, regardless of nationality or beliefs (see Leviticus 19:18; Matthew 19:19; 22:39; Mark 12:31; Luke 10:27; Romans 13:9; Galatians 5:14; James 2:8). We are never to stop representing Jesus to a fallen world, fulfilling the Great Commission is more important now than any time period in the past (see Matthew 28:18-20). When the fullness of the Gentiles is complete (the last person who will accept Jesus hears and responds to the gospel), then Jesus will call believers home (see Romans 11:25).
Nearly any study of Scripture will reveal at some point the word ‘until’, in the ESV the word can be found 457 times. In prophecy it points to a transition, an end to some condition or situation to the beginning of another. In Scripture the word emphasizes that things will change, some transitions for the better, like believers living on earth until the fullness of the Gentiles, and some not good, such as beginning of the Tribulation. As students of prophecy we should be aware of each ‘until’ that has not yet been fulfilled, as they not only provide a snapshot of something future, they help us see approximately when the transition will occur.
This covenant is first presented to Abram (later renamed Abraham) in Genesis 12:1-13, then clarified in Genesis 13:14-17 and Genesis 15:1-21, and then ‘sealed’ in Genesis 17:1-8. The covenant was later reiterated to Isaac and Jacob (see Genesis 26:2-5; 28:1-4, 12-15). Since the Abrahamic Covenant is unconditional (requiring no obedience) and is eternal (never ending), those that believe that God is through with Israel and the Jews, had to misapply the text and create ‘conditions’ that were violated to fit their presuppositions. The verse that is most often used to convey a condition is Genesis 17:9, which reads, “And God said to Abraham, “As for you, you shall keep my covenant, you and your offspring after you throughout their generations.” They point out that God is telling them that they have a responsibility to obey the terms of the covenant. But there are no conditions stated, with the exception of one command that follows this verse, that every male must be circumcised (see Genesis 17:10-14). This mark is to be a visible sign of the covenant. God was not requiring ongoing compliance to a command or regulation, He wanted them to acknowledge the covenant by having every male circumcised. If an Israelite male failed to be circumcised they would be removed from the community, away from family and God. There is no mention of any further ramifications, especially not due to any failure to recognize their Messiah.
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[1] Harpazō, Strong’s Greek 726.
[2] Same word but Strong separated the numbers. Strong’s Hebrew 1223 as a sheepfold and 1224 refers to the city.
[3] Strong’s Greek 3528.
[4] See "Abrahamic Covenant" in "An Examination of the End Times."
[5] The Epistle of Ignatius to the Philippians. In A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, & A. C. Coxe (Eds.), The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (Vol. 1, p. 119). Christian Literature Company.
[6] Dialogue of Justin with Trypho, a Jew. In A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, & A. C. Coxe (Eds.), The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (Vol. 1, p. 200). Christian Literature Company.
[7] Irenæus against Heresies. In A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, & A. C. Coxe (Eds.), The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (Vol. 1, p. 451). Christian Literature Company.
[8] An Answer to the Jews. In A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, & A. C. Coxe (Eds.), & S. Thelwall (Trans.), Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (Vol. 3, pp. 151–152). Christian Literature Company.
[9] Demonstratio Evangelica (Being the Proof of the Gospel), Eusebius, translated Ferrar, W.J. (1920).