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Agápe There are seven Greek words that are typically translated into the English word 'love'. Agápe is considered the greatest and highest form of love. That being selfless and unconditional love, the Bible teaches that God's love for us is described as being agápe love.
Allegorical Interpretation To allegorize means to to interpret or represent symbolically. It is one of many literary devices authors use in writing. We see in the Bible that God used allegory where symbols (and other imagery) to represent something (or someone) else (see Psalm 80:8-13; Proverbs 7:1-27; Ecclesiastes 12:1-8; Ezekiel 23:1-49; Luke 15:3-7; 20:9-18; John 10:1-18; 1 Corinthians 3:10-15; Galatians 4:21-31; Ephesians 6:11-17). But it doesn't support using allegory to interpret prophecy. For example, when Daniel was reading the book of Jeremiah, he understood that when Jeremiah wrote that the exile into Babylon when the Jews were being punished would last seventy years (see Jeremiah 25:12), Daniel interpreted it to be a literal 70 years and it was 70 years (see Daniel 9:1-2). Peter reminds us, "Knowing this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone’s own interpretation. For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit." (2 Peter 1:20-21) Click here to read why allegorical interpretation should be avoided.
Amillennialism The belief that there will not be a literal one-thousand year period on earth before the Great White Throne of judgment and eternity begins as recorded in Revelation 20:1-7. Proponents believe that the language of these verses should be interpreted figuratively and not literally, that we are currently living in this indeterminable time period. Click here to read our refutation of amillennialism.
Apocryphal The word refers to something whose authenticity is doubted. In theology the word 'Apocrypha' refers to writings that are not accepted as being true Scripture (those from God, see definition for Canon below). These works have been rejected by most Protestant churches but are embraced by the Roman Catholic church.
Apologetics From the Greek word 'apologia' which refers to giving an answer or a defense for a belief. It represents the practice of using rational arguments to defend one's faith in God and the Bible. Peter encourages believers to always be prepared to offer a defense (apologia) as to why we believe in Jesus (see 1 Peter 3:15).
Apostle From the Greek word 'apostolos', which is derived from 'apostello' meaning "to send." A person who has been sent by someone else, typically one in authority, such as a king sending an official delegate out to a war front with instructions. When Jesus sent His disciples out to evangelize they were called apostles (see Matthew 10:1; Mark 3:13-21; 6:7-13; Luke 6:12-13; 9:1-2). The word is always used to describe one who was sent out directly by Jesus. When Paul wrote about God giving the apostles and prophets to equip believers (see 1 Corinthians 12:27-31; Ephesians 4:11-16), he was referring to gifts of the Holy Spirit that will be used exclusively for expansion of the Kingdom of God. But John warns, "Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world." (1 John 4:1, ESV) This is not a new problem as false prophets were to be stoned to death if they prophesied inaccurately as far back as the time before the Israelites entered the Promised Land. (see Deuteronomy 13:5; 18:20, see also Jeremiah 2:8; 14:14-15; Zechariah 13:3).
Ark An ark is a chest or box typically made of wood. The ark of the covenant (Hebrew word ‘ǎrôn’) was constructed in the wilderness using acacia wood (see Exodus 25:10-22, see commentary here). Noah's ark (Hebrew ‘tē’·ḇā(h)’) was much bigger (see Genesis 6:14-15, read commentary here). Even though two very different words were translated as ark, the meanings are very similar.
Atonement The English word ‘atonement’ essentially means “at-one-ment.” In Hebrew the word is ‘kō’·pěr’, which refers to the price demanded to redeem a person, and is often translated as ‘ransom’ or ‘bribe’. Jesus' blood covers the price of every believer's sin, as the "Bride of Christ" (see Matthew 25:1-13; Mark 2:19; John 3:29; Revelation 21:2, 9-10; 22:17) God and man are brought together in a personal relationship, being made one.
Bath Hebrew bǎṯ', a unit of liquid measure. One-tenth of a homer or cor (also kor). Approximately 6.8 US Gallons or 25.8 liters (see 1 Kings 7:26, 38; 2 Chronicles 2:10; 4:5; Isaiah 5:10; Ezekiel 45:10-14).*
Beka A measurement of weight believed to be 0.52 Shekel or 6.0 grams.*
Bible The Bible is the Word of God, it does not just 'contain' His Word, it is His Word. The original text is without error, however, there are some variations between early manuscripts. Some can be attributed to copyist errors, while others can be due to alternate choices in translation (today there are several hundred English Bible versions). This disparity should not be perceived as a problem since the Bible is redundant and clear on every critical element, especially those pertaining to our salvation.
Body There are two major positions regarding the human existence, the first being a dichotomy, the belief that people consist of a body (the physical component) and spirit/soul (the non-physical or 'software') Click here for commentary. The second viewpoint is perhaps best called a 'trichotomy' where humans are described as having a body, a soul, and a spirit. Click here for additional information. In each of these positions the physical body retains the sin nature. Click here to examine both concepts.
Bondservant A person who voluntarily wishes to serve a person or family (see Exodus 21:5-6). Many of the people in the Bible were called bondservant including: Joshua (see 24:29), David (see 2 Samuel 7:5), Isaiah (see Isaiah 20:3), Paul (see Romans 1:1), Timothy (see Philippians 1:1), James (see James 1:1), Peter (see 2 Peter 1:1), and Jude (see Jude 1:1). Note that both the Hebrew and Greek words for bondservant can also be translated servant or slave. Click here to read more.
Canon From the Greek Kanōn referring to a rule or measuring rod. The canon of Scripture is considered the standard set of written texts that comprise the Bible. There is not one single canon that every Christian, Jewish, or any other Bible-based adherent agrees to. Every group has its own set of 'rules' on how to qualify texts as being legitimate. [External link to Wikipedia article for information only, this is not an endorsement]
Catastrophism There are two primary theories regarding the geological historic processes of nature. They are uniformitarianism and catastrophism and both embrace a process that their names imply. Catastrophism claims that throughout earth's history there have been a series of catastrophic events that have resulted in making unique geologic features, special locations, and other anomalies. Events such as the flood during Noah's day, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite impacts, tsunamis, landslides, etc. For example, the belief that the Grand Canyon was formed by a worldwide flood not gradual erosion. Click here to read commentary.
Christian In simple terms this is a person who believes that Jesus died for their sins and will save them from damnation in hell to be with Him in heaven forever. It also implies that the person also believes in one true God, that they are sinners and repent of that sin, and believe that Jesus paid the full price for their salvation (nothing more is required).
Contextual Interpretation A method of Biblical interpretation that takes in the consideration the surrounding text. A single verse can easily be taken out of context (mean something entirely different). Everything from time of day, location, person talking, who is the audience, etc., are important to know. Some call this the five 'Ws' reporters use to cover a story, those being the who, what, when, where, and why.
Covenant Hebrew word ‘berît’ refers to an agreement between two or more individuals or people groups. The word can also refer to a treaty or an alliance. In the Bible we see it as an agreement between human beings (see Genesis 14:13; 21:25-34; 31:44); between nations (see Psalm 83:4-12); used figuratively (see Isaiah 28:15-18; Job 5:23); and to describe a covenant between God and mankind (see Genesis 9:8-17; 15:1-21; 17:1-14, 19-21; Exodus 2:24; 19:5; 24:7-8; 34:10; Leviticus 26:40-46; Numbers 25:10-18; Deuteronomy 29:1-29; see also Psalm 89; Isaiah 42:5-9; 49:8-26; Jeremiah 31:31-40; 33:19-26; Hebrews 8:1-13).
Cubit An ancient unit of distance measurement. It is defined as the distance between the longest finger and the base of the elbow. As one would expect that distance is different from one person to another. It was typically 'standardized' using a king's or other prominent ruler's measurement. Most Biblical commentators and translators use 18 inches per cubit to estimate an object's dimension. Click here for more details.
Daniel’s 70 Weeks The last four verses of Daniel chapter nine outline 70 weeks of years (490 years, see definition of weeks below). They prophesied Jesus' death and point to events yet future. Click here for more details.
Dead Sea Scrolls Also known as Qumran Caves Scrolls, are various scrolls that contain a number of ancient Jewish manuscripts. Discovered between 1946 and 1956, these scrolls have been dated between 3 BC and 1 AD.
Disciple A Christian believer who actively follows Jesus. Not all believers are disciples, you can believe in Jesus and not follow Him and still be saved. The apostle Paul illustrated this when he wrote that Jesus laid the foundation and any building of the kingdom of God on that foundation by believers will be revealed by fire. Those whose work is burned up (being a non-disciple) will still make it to heaven but "only as through fire" (see 1 Corinthians 3:1-15).
Dispensationalism This is the belief that God has interacted with mankind differently in different 'phases' throughout time. The classic interpretation breaks time down in seven dispensation periods: Innocence (Eden), Conscience (Eden to flood), Human Government (flood to Abraham), Patriarchs (Abraham to Moses), Law (Moses to Pentecost), Grace (Pentecost to Kingdom), Millennium (Kingdom to eternity). There are several variants, not all dispensationalists use the same breakdown.
Eisegesis The opposite of exegesis, which implies the meaning is being "read into" or "lead into" the text where the interpreter adds or injects their own meaning. Due to the probability of missing the author's actual meaning, this method should not be used to interpet the Bible. Remember only God's intended message and meaning counts! An error can result in spending eternity in hell!
Ephah A unit of volume measurement between 15 and 22 liters (varies significantly depending on source of information).*
Essential Doctrine Defined as the minimal requirements for salvation. Sadly, due to the vast number of varied beliefs of 'Christian' churches, organizations, denominations, as well as some individuals, that in many ways are contrary or incompatible, the 'distillation' of what is considered essential varys significantly. The apostle Paul wrote, "If you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved." (Romans 10:9) It's that easy!
Evil Anything that takes our eyes off Jesus.
Evolution/Theistic Evolution Apparently science has a 'blind spot' and that is it doesn't like an easy answer. Scientists see the concept of creation as being a "cop out" to avoid answering the difficult question of where did 'life' start. One "highly popular" theory is evolution (even though it doesn't have an answer to that question). Since most of science has embraced uniformitarianism where they believe that the world is very old (several million to several billion years old) that life had time to evolve. Click here to read more from commentary on Genesis chapter one. Since evolution seems to have science's endorsement many Christian organizations and churches promote the concept of "Theistic Evolution" as the Bible's story of creation is contrary to evolution. There have been several versions of theistic evolution proposed, but the common factor is God using the slow process of evolution for creation, a concept that is not Biblical. Click here to read more. There is nothing wrong with an easy answer when it's the right answer! God did not incorporate evolution in creation.
Exegesis From the Greek word ek that means to lead out of. When applied to a text the interpretation is based on taking the meaning out of the definition and context of the words. This method of interpretation seeks the author's intention and meaning.
Expositional Constancy Principle The use of words in the Bible is consistent from Genesis to Revelation. Often the first use of a word or phrase establishes the use throughout the Bible. This principle is especially helpful in understanding difficult passages. Click here for more information.
Fellowship Perhaps best defined by the meaning of the Greek word koinōnia, to share in, to participate in, to have in common with, a person or a group of people. The Bible not ony speaks about fellowship with fellow believers (see Acts 2:42; Galatians 2:9; 1 John 1:7), but also with God (see 1 Corinthians 1:9; 2 Corinthians 13:14; 1 John 1:3, 6).
Firstfruits The first 'fruit' of a harvest is typically of the best quality. The Israelites were instructed to tithe the firstfruits of their harvests (typically barley in the spring for the Feast of Firstfruits, wheat in early summer for the Feast of Weeks, and fruit in the fall for the Feast of Booths). The apostle Paul calls Jesus the Firstfruits of the resurrection (see 1 Corinthians 15:20-23), He was the first to rise from death permanently.
Futurist A person who embraces futurism, a belief that the Biblical prophecies that appear to have not yet been fulfilled in history, will be fulfilled at some future date. Click here compare with other viewpoints.
Gentile In both Hebrew and Greek, the words translated as Gentile refer to people who are not Hebrews, Israelites, or Jewish. The words can also be translated as 'nations', again referring to non-Israel related people groups. Paul would remind us that in Christianity there are only believers, the delineation into groups is no longer valid (see 1 Corinthians 12:12-13; Galatians 3:28; Ephesians 2:13-17; Colossians 3:11).
Gerah A measurement of weight approximately 0.55 grams or 0.02 ounces.*
Gnosticism The word in Greek essentially means "having knowledge." Like most religious movements Gnosticism has several deviations but one of the primary beliefs is that the physical world is flawed and possibly evil (some believe that the material world was created by a lesser divine entity) and that the only path to redemption is knowledge provided by some hidden (and greater) divine entity. This knowledge is also hidden but can be found if searched for diligently. The apostle John taught against Gnosticism in his epistles long before it was given the name.
Gospel The gospel message begins with God loving humanity so much that He sent His only Son to earth to die for us (see John 3:16) that He was buried, raised to life again after three nights and three days in the grave (see 1 Corinthians 15:1-4). The Greek word that is normally translated as 'gospel' is euangelion which means good news, to bring good news, or to proclaim good news. It is the word we get 'evangelism' from (the Greek letters epsilon and upsilon form a diphthong creating a 'V' sound). The word 'gospel' is also used to identify the first four books of the New Testament that tell about Jesus' ministry, suffering, death, and resurrection-the gospel message.
Grace The concept of receiving favor that was not deserved. Often considered the same as mercy but is actually the opposite, that of not receiving what is deserved.
Grammatical Principle A tool used in Biblical interpretation that uses the rules of grammar of the language, word choice, and word order to aid in understanding the meaning of the text.
Hades A Greek word that refers to a location that temporarily holds non-believers before judgment day. It is not purgatory (which is not Biblical), nor is it hell, however, it is often incorrectly translated as hell. Click here to see commentary for Matthew chapter eight for further information.
Hell The final (and eternal) destination for those who have not accepted Jesus as their Savor. Click here to learn more.
Hermeneutics Believed to be derived from the Greek word hermēneuō meaning to translate or interpret, it refers to the study of interpretation. Biblical hermeneutics provide a framework and set of tools to aid in the consistent interpretation of the Bible. Knowing that there is only one 'interpretation' that matters (and that would be God's!) several 'rules' have been developed. See definition listings for Literal Interpretation, Historical Principle, Grammatical Principle, Contextual Interpretation, Exegesis, and Eisegesis. Click here for more information.
Hin A measurement of volume estimated to be from 3.5 to 4.5 liters or approximately 4 quarts.*
Historical Principle A method of Biblical interpretation that considers the culture, background, use of idioms, and situations known from history.
Historicist A person who believes that the events of Biblical prophecy have been and will continue to be fulfilled throughout history until the end. Click here for more.
Holy Both the Hebrew (qǒ'·ḏěš or kodesh) and the Greek (hagios) refer to an object or person being consecrated (purified), set aside, and dedicated for the service of God. In the New Testament depending on context, hagios is often translated as 'saint'. Since Jesus paid the full price for everyone who believes in Him, all believers are considered saints. Not from our own righteousness, but only from Jesus (we can't add anything to our righteousness, it's fully provided).
Homer A unit of measurement of volume ranging from 150 to 220 liters.*
Idealism The Idealist interpretation sees prophecy, like that which is given in the book of Revelation, as being fulfilled continuously throughout history. As it connects the symbolism of prophecy to more general or typical events rather than to any one specific event or series of events. The events prophesied are believed to refer to the on-going struggle between God’s people and the world.
Israel After Jacob wrestled with God (see Genesis 32:22-32) God changed Jacob's name to Israel. His family of twelve sons grew to several million while in Egypt and after entering the Promised Land God turned them into the nation of Israel.
Jews In the Bible we read about the Hebrew people, the Israelites, and the Jews, for most of these references the text is describing the same people group with the same bloodline.
Judaism This is the name of the set of beliefs and instruction given to the Jews. Through the years several sects (organized religious groups much like church denominations are today) have come and gone (for example, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes, none of which survived long after the Temple was destroyed in 70 A.D.) The religion survives today, however much of their doctrine is different primarily due to no place to sacrifice animals (the Temple was never rebuilt).
Kinsman Redeemer The term 'kinsman' refers to family members. The closest and oldest male (typically a brother, but can be father, uncle, cousin, etc.) they have multiple responsibilities including avenging the death of any of their family members (also known as the "avenger of blood," see Numbers 35:9-34, Deuteronomy 19:6), redeeming them from slavery (see Leviticus 25:47-55), and redeeming their family name (see Levirate Marriage). A concept that ultimately points to Jesus, as He is our kinsman (a man) redeemer (provider of salvation). Click here for more information. Click here to read the story of Ruth, the best example of a Kinsman Redeemer in action.
Lamb of God The apostle John records John the Baptist proclaim Jesus as the "Lamb of God" (see John 1:35-42). This announcement connects Jesus to the sacrificial lamb of Passover. When the Israelites were not allowed to leave Egypt, God demonstrated His power and authority by first using nine different plagues, but after each one, the king of Egypt (the Pharaoh), remained stubborn and refused to let them go, that is until after the tenth plague. This last plague would be the killing of all the first born in Egypt, unless the blood of a blemish-free lamb was applied to their home's doorposts and lintel. The occupants of those homes were protected as the angel of death "passed over" their homes, but the homes without the blood suffered the loss of all those first born (see Exodus 12:1-32). The Passover serves as a model of redemption through Jesus, believers are saved through the blood of Jesus (see Romans 3:25; 5:9; Ephesians 1:7; 2:13).
Levirate Marriage From the Latin word meaning “husband’s brother,” or brother-in-law. The word is not associated with Israel's son Levi, the tribe of Levi, Leviticus, nor the Levitical priesthood. If a man died without children, his next younger brother could then marry his wife to provide a legal heir for him (see Genesis 38:6-10; Deuteronomy 25:5-10; Ruth 4:1-12; Matthew 22:24; Mark 12:19; Luke 20:28).
Literal Interpretation The literal interpretation of the Bible means that the text is understood to mean what it says, straightforward and plain. This hermeneutical principle embraces the thought that God speaking through the Bible means what He says and says what He means. No additional tools or special insight is required to understand the meaning. Understanding that God, the ultimate author, uses several literary devices in Scripture (including metaphors). No allegorizing or symbolizing required. Click here for more information.
Literary Devices Techniques that authors use to add detail, meaning, structure, emotion, etc. to enhance their writing. The Bible employs several literary devices, click here to review.
Manuscript Referring to writing done by hand (manually). Since none of the original manuscripts of the books of the Bible survived, we are reliant on diligently made copies. Some documents have only a few copies that have been discovered while others have an abundance available. Archaeologists continue to seek earlier copies as they are considered to be more accurate (less copyist errors, elaborations, and additions).
Masoretic Text Ancient Hebrew writing primarily consisted of only consonants without word spacing makes the text very difficult to read. After the Talmudic period of Judaism (believed to be from 300 BC to 500 AD) a number of scribes saw the need to create a systematic approach to aid in reading the Hebrew Scriptural texts. The group called themselves the Masoretes, from the Hebrew word 'masorah' meaning "that which is transmitted." Since they revered the Scriptures after they determined the proper word they would write the ord in the margins without editing the original text. Instead of scrolls they saved their writing in codex form (similar to our standard book format today). The oldest known extant Masoretic Text codex is the Leningrad Codex (1008 AD). Most modern Bibles use some edition of the Masoretic Text as the source for their Old Testament (the most popular edition today is the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia). The Masorites also developed a system of Hebrew writing using the same letters but added several other marks to identify vowel sounds and clarify pronunciation. Click here to read about early Hebrew literature including about the Masoretes.
Mercy Typically applied to punishment resulting from some form of judgment, the concept of not receiving what is deserved.
Messiah Both the word 'Messiah' and 'Christ' refer to being anointed. Jesus was anointed as our Savior.
Metals of Redemption There are three metals that the Bible consistently relates to the concept of redemption, namely gold, silver, and bronze. Each are seen prominently in the construction of the Tabernacle, a structure that every detail pointed to the coming Messiah, therefore it should not surprise us that would also include the use of all metals. As a metal that can withstand heat, we see that bronze points to judgment. The Bible uses silver to redeem people and animals, and later to refer to the blood of Jesus who redeemed humanity (He was betrayed for thirty pieces of silver). And Gold relates to divinity, as only God can offer true redemption from sin. Click here for more information.
Midrash A broad collection of ancient Jewish commentaries and interpretations of Scripture written by several rabbis. Click here to read about early Hebrew literature.
Mina A measurement of weight equivalent to 1.26 pounds or 0.57 kilograms.
Mishnah Essentially the codification of the oral law (written down). Both the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud have versions of the Mishnah within their texts.
Modalism The belief that God has three modes and can only be in one mode at a time. For example, when in the 'Father' mode He cannot be the 'Son' nor the 'Holy Spirit'. This concept is not what the Bible teaches. While it may be impossible for human understanding regarding three being one, that is what the Bible teaches.
Nephilim The true story behind the Nephilim would be considered by many as being "X Rated" and may not be appropriate for a 'definitions' list. Click here to review the "pre-discusion" regarding interpretation methods and then click here for the Genesis chapter six text and commentary.
Offering In the Old Testament there were a variety of offerings to God (animal, grain, drink, etc.). However, due to sin, the predominant offering consisted of some form of animal sacrifice. Click here to read an overview of the Old Testament offerings.
Omnipotent God is all powerful, He is able to do anything, without limitation.
Omnipresent God is present everywhere simultaneously. There is no place to hide from God (see Psalm 139).
Omniscient God is all knowing. Nothing is unknown or secret to God.
Oral Law There is evidence that God relayed in some manner at least portions of His law prior to Moses receiving the law on Mount Sinai (for example: Abel knew to offer an animal sacrifice, Noah knew which animals were considered clean, etc.) Many Jews consider the oral law to be just as sacred as the Torah.
Predestination The belief that all believers are predestined to accept Jesus' free offer of salvation. This is a highly polarizing subject among Christians. Click here to read a comprehensive review of this subject.
Preterism (from Latin ‘praeteritum’ meaning ‘past’) The belief that the majority of the Olivett Discourse and other prophecies regarding the destruction of Jerusalem had already occurred. Click here for review of prophecy interpretations. Click here to read our refutation of preterism.
Prophecy Noun - The prediction of some event. Pronunciation with distinctive 'C' sound.
Prophesy Verb - To predict future events, to say or write about something that is going to happen.
Prophet In simple terms, a prophet (or prophetess) is a spokesperson for God. A person chosen by God to convey a message. Even though they have no authority on their own they can intercede for others.
Psuedopigraphal A falsely attributed writing where the claimed author is not the true author. Around the end of the first century several pseudepigraphal books started to appear. Many included the title of ‘gospel’, playing on the name given to the books that described the real story of salvation. These books are not considered inspired by the Holy Spirit and are not included in the canon (see above). Click here to read more.
Purification There are several purification rituals recorded in the Old Testament. God required His people to be ceremonially clean during His appointed times (feasts, festivals, etc.) Even though being ceremonially clean did not make a person free of sin it served as a reminder that sin is a barrier between humanity and God. Today we are made clean by the blood of Jesus. Since He did all the work we can't be made unclean.
Replacement Theology Also known as supersessionism, in basic terms is the belief that since the Jews rejected Jesus as the Messiah they have been superseded (bypassed) by the church. This concept is NOT Biblical. Due to this theological error many believe that the Jews and the nation of Israel are no longer a component of God's plan and all of their God-given blessings and promises have been revoked. There is nothing in the Bible that supports this belief, in fact, the opposite is true. The Jews and Israel are recipients of several unconditional covenants that cannot be broken on either side. If Christians think God changed His mind regarding the Jews, then we need to ask what prevents Him from changing His mind regarding saving a sinful believer? Click here to see discussion in the Dead Theologian Society regarding this subject.
Ritualism A ritual is perhaps best defined as a followed protocol to obtain some goal such as the favor of God. One of the definitions of 'religion' is participating in a particular system of worship. Most of these 'systems' have a number of procedures and protocols that are closely followed. These rituals then often become a tradition that can be revered as being more important than a relationship with Jesus. A church can be crippled (or worse) when following a ritual becomes more important than following Jesus.
Sabbath The seventh (last) day of a week. A day of rest as ordained by God after creation (see Genesis 2:1-3; Exodus 20:8-11; 31:17; Deuteronomy 5:12-14; Hebrews 4:4). It is also known as Šǎb·bāṯ' and is an important day especially to a Jew as codified in the Torah (see Exodus 23:12; 31:15; 34:21; Leviticus 16:31; 19:3; 23:3). In most applications the Sabbath refers to the seventh day, however it can also refer to a Sabbath rest for the land every seven years (see Leviticus 26:34-35, 43) and special days of rest after God's appointed times (feasts/festivals, see Leviticus 16:31; 23:32, see also Leviticus 23:7, 21, 25, 36, 39). Click here to read Leviticus 23 commentary. Click here to read about God's Appointed Times.
Sacrament From the Latin word ‘sacramentum’, referring to a publicly-made sacred pledge of fidelity that originally served as a testimony of God’s power of redemption. But the word became associated with protocols (along with certain objects) that were considered sacred that had unique God-endowed powers. Over the years the original meaning was lost and the keeping the tradition of these sacraments became a top priority, often overshadowing following Jesus. Click here to view an overview of the most popular sacraments.
Sacrifices (Old Testament) Offered to God for a variety of reasons (see Offering above). In his epistle to the church in Rome, Paul connects being obedient to Jesus and His Word to the Old Testament system of sacrifices (see Romans 12:1-2). Click here to read about that connection.
Salvation As a result of Adam's and Eve's disobedience to God (sin), all of humanity has been condemned to death and to spending eternity in hell away from God. Since humanity cannot solve the problem of sin on their own, God sent His Son to live a sinless life, suffer, die, and live again to cover our sins so that we can be saved, and instead of hell, those that believe in Jesus will receive salvation and spend eternity with Him in heaven (see John 3:16).
Span A measurement of length approximately 22 centimeters.*
Satan Created as a mighty angel named Lucifer, he led an angelic revolt which persuaded one-third of the angels to follow him instead of God. He is an enemy of God who is also called the devil, ruler of this world, the evil one, the deceiver of the whole world, a liar, and the father of lies, etc. As a created being he not greater than nor equal to God. Click here to read more.
Seah A measurement of volume depending on source believed to be between 4.5 to 7.3 liters or approximately 7 quarts.*
Septuagint A Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament completed by 70 Jewish scholars giving the document its name, Latin word for 70 is septuāgintā (285-246 BC). Often referenced by the Roman numerals LXX (70). It is also the source of all New Testament quotes and citing of the Old Testament. Click here for more information.
Shekel Hebrew šě'·qěl A measurement of weight. Approximately 1.5 grams or 0.4 ounces (or piece of silver weighing up to 11.5 grams)*
Shekinah Glory Unknown exact derivation, a non-Biblical word that is believed a combination of two Hebrew words šāḵan (dwells) and seně(h) (bush) from Moses' burning bush encounter with God (see Exodus 3:2; see also Deuteronomy 33:16), forming the basis of ‘Shekinah,’ or the more-often-used expression, the “Shekinah Glory,” which can be found in some early Talmudic literature. Some interpret the word to mean, "He causes to dwell." The term is used to describe any visible manisfestation of God (for example, a cloud, smoke, fire, etc.)
Signs A sign is something that arbitrarily represents something else. Typically one must know what the sign means before you can determine any action. A sign is only a sign if it is understood. The signs in the Bible are no different. Click here for more detail.
Signs and Wonders The Greek sēmeia refers to signs, marks, or tokens of a miracle nature (a sign from God). The Greek teras refers to a wonder associated with a sēmeia (being extraordinary or amazing). Not to be thought as two separate miracles but as two aspects of the same miracle. That there would be no doubt the source and it is truly amazing (see Matthew 24:24; Mark 13:22; John 4:48; Acts 2:19-22, 43; 4:30; 5:12; 6:8; 7:36; 14:3; 15:12; Romans 15:19; 2 Corinthians 12:12; 2 Thessalonians 2:9; Hebrews 2:4).
Sin In both the Hebrew and Greek words in the Bible that convey the concept of missing the mark (a target) being a metaphor for disobeying God. Sin is a very serious problem, a malady that humanity cannot fix without God. Thankfully He loves us so much that He sent His Son to die in our place so that we can live with Him forever. Click here to read about the problem of sin.
Sola Fide One of the Five Solas from the Reformation. Latin for "Faith Alone" as salvation is only available through belief in Jesus alone. He did all the work nothing else is required.
Sola Gratia This sola reminds us that Christians are save by "Grace Alone." Grace refers to unmerited favor, receiving something that was not deserved.
Sola Scriptura "Scripture Alone" refers to the Bible as the only source of information about God. No extra-biblical writings or special book required to understand.
Soli Dei Gloria "For the Glory of God Alone!" Credit belongs to God, not us. The glory is all His.
Solus Christus Jesus did it all, Jesus paid the full price for our redemption in blood. "Christ Alone" reminds us that God the Father loves us so much that He sent His Son to die on our behalf because there is nothing we can do to free us from the bondage of sin.
Soul The word that is often translated as 'soul' is the Greek word psychē (meaning to breathe) which can also be translated as 'life'. In the Bible the word is joined with 'body' to create a dichotomy of material (body) and immaterial (soul). Most believe that the soul remains alive after the body dies.
Spirit Referring to the living component of human existence identified as 'spirit' (not the Holy Spirit), we see in the Bible that it (the Greek word pneuma) can be found synonymous with 'soul'. But in verses like 1 Thessalonians 5:23 we see both soul and spirit listed with 'body' creating a trichotomy without further explanation. Click here for more information.
Spiritual Warfare When a person accepts Jesus as their Savor they automatically become participants in an invisible war. Paul explains in his epistle to the church in Ephesus that Christians will battle dark forces that cannot be seen (see Ephesians 6:10-12). How do you fight an invisible enemy? Paul goes on to describe the armor of God (see Ephesians 6:13-18). There are five pieces of defensive armor that should remain on every believer twenty-four hours a day (belt of truth, breastplate of righteousness, shoes, shield of faith, and helmet of salvation). The offensive weapons require some training, those being the sword of the Spirit and prayer. The sword is identified as the Word of God (which needs to be studied and ultimately known in order to be effective as a weapon). Note how Paul refers to these as the armor of God, as He is the provider. Click here to read the commentary on these verses.
Tabernacle The Tabernacle was a 'portable' building that God had the Israelites construct so that He could dwell among them. Since the design allowed a holy God to dwell among sinful people it should not surprise us to see that every detail of construction points to Jesus. Click here to read the commentary.
Talent A measurement of weight considered 66.58 pounds (some believe it was closer to 75 pounds).*
Talmud A collection of Jewish teachings and analysis of the Mishnah (see above). There are two primary versions of the Talmud, the Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud (if not specifically identified it is likely referring to the Babylonian Talmud). Click here to read more.
Targum The name given to a number of translations and commentary written in Aramaic. Several are available in English. Click here for more information.
Temple There has been two Temples built on the Temple Mount (land bought by King David, see 2 Samuel 24:18-25). The first was built by King Solomon in 957 BC and then destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC. It was rebuilt under the guidance of Zerubbabel in 516 BC which was later renovated by King Herod but was destroyed in 70 AD by the Romans. The Temple has not been rebuilt as believers are now His Temple (see 1 Corinthians 3:16-17; 6:19; 2 Corinthians 6:16; Ephesians 2:21).
The Five Solas Five simple and straightforward sayings that became the 'battle cry' of the Protestant Reformation. While some debate these five tenets, they clearly define essential Christianity. They are Sola Fide (faith alone), Solus Christus (Christ alone), Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone), Sola Gratia (grace alone), and Soli Dei Gloria (for the glory of God alone). Click here for more information.
Torah A Hebrew word (tô·rā(h)') that is most often translated as 'law' (God's law) but can also be translated as instruction or teaching. For most Jews and scholars the Torah refers to the first five books of the Bible (or Tanakh, the Hebrew name for what we call the Old Testament) that are attributed to Moses. The term Torah also applies to what is known as the 'oral' Torah, a collection of verbal instructions, which are now available in written form (see Midrash and Talmud). Click here to see A Brief Introduction to God's Law.
Transliteration The conversion of the sound of a word from one language to another using the phonetic rules of the second language. The meaning is not translated to an equivalent word, just the pronunciation. In most English Bibles there are typically several words that are transliterated, including most names and words that may have multiple definitions. For example: the Hebrew word 'Sheol' can refer to a grave or a location known also as Hades; and the Greek word 'Apostle' means one who was sent. When a transliteration is encountered in the Bible it is important to understand what it means.
Uniformitarianism The belief that in geology the processes of change never changes. For example, if a canyon erodes two inches per year, uniformitarianism dictates that the present is the key to the past and therefore the canyon's age can be determined since the rate of erosion has always been the same. This belief is contrary to catastrophism (see above) which takes in the account that radical changes can occur due to catastrophic events.
Unleavened Bread Bread that is made without yeast. In the Bible yeast (leaven) is consistently used as a metaphor for sin. Unleavened bread represents being sin free, note the appointed time called the Feast of Unleavened Bread started on the same day that Jesus, who was without sin, was buried.
Week The Hebrew word that is typically translated as 'week' is šā·ḇûª’, it refers to the number seven or to a set of sevens. It can be a reference to seven days, seven months, seven years, etc. Context must be explored to determine the correct time period.
Worldview Generally defined as either a philosophy of life or a conception of the world. Everyone has a uniquely different worldview as each of us have learned from past experiences (such as touching something that was hot), and gained knowledge, which includes our inferences, deductions, assumptions, presumptions, etc., all of which combined give us a strong sense of what we believe is real, true, and possible. Click here to read more.
*Note: All units of measure (weight, volume, length, etc.) even though some are listed with precision, the exact conversions are mostly unknown. These listings are for study purposes only.